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Day 44 — Book 1, Chapter 8, §8

Day 44 — Book 1, Chapter 8, §8

0 — Orientation (1 minute)

You left yesterday with a question on the board, and I want the answer before we read a word: if the sceptre-argument needed a four-hundred-year gap and the Gentile-argument a two-thousand-year gap, what does Calvin gain by moving to prophets whose gaps are shorter?

Read the first sentence. He tells you.

In the case of the other prophets the evidence is even clearer.

⚠️ Clearer — not stronger. Underline the comparative and ask what it is comparing. Yesterday the proof ran on duration: the longer the silence between text and fulfilment, the harder the fraud. Today Calvin trades duration for something else entirely.

   THE TWO CURRENCIES OF PROPHETIC PROOF

   §7  (Day 43)   DURATION          400 yrs — the sceptre
                                  2,000 yrs — the Gentiles
                  ⚠️ but the content is VAGUE:
                     "a sceptre", "the nations".
                  A vague prediction survives a long gap
                  because nobody can date its fulfilment
                  precisely either. ★ Weak content,
                  strong interval.

   §8  (Day 44) ★ SPECIFICITY      100+ yrs — but a PROPER NAME:
                     ** CYRUS **
                     70 yrs — but an EXACT NUMBER:
                     ** SEVENTY **
                     600 yrs — but a DATED SEQUENCE:
                     ** DANIEL **
                  ★ Shorter gaps. Falsifiable content.
                  You cannot "eventually" fulfil a
                  proper noun. Either a man named
                  Cyrus came, or he did not.

That is the escalation, and clearer is the word that announces it. ⚠️ Do not read §8 as "more of the same, with different prophets." Calvin has changed the kind of evidence. In §7 the argument was: nobody could have engineered that outcome. In §8 it is: nobody could have guessed that name.

And then, one sentence in, he does something you saw him do yesterday and will now see him do three times in one section:

I will only select a few examples, **for it were too tedious to enumerate the whole**.

⚠️ it were. Not a typo. Not a plural. That is the bare past subjunctive of be, and it means it would be. ★ It comes back in S10 in the most violent sentence of the section — **What effrontery were it** to deny...! — and if you file it as an archaic wobble you will mis-parse both. Today's Big Point 1.

Then the middle of the section (S6, S10) hands you a construction English has almost lost, twice:

...more than a hundred years elapsed before Cyrus was born, **that being** nearly the period which elapsed between the death of the one and the birth of the other.

⚠️ Where is the verb of that being? There isn't one. This is a nominative absolute — a subject plus a participle, glued to the sentence with no conjunction and no grammatical role. ★ And S10 stacks a second one on top of a discontinuous relative clause that is genuinely hard: the very thing **being fulfilled** *to which* they appeal. Today's Big Point 2.

Today's 3 Big Points — write them down now:

  1. it were / What N were it to V — the bare past subjunctive of be = would be. S2: for **it were** too tedious to enumerate the whole. S10: **What effrontery were it** to deny that...! ⚠️ Two traps stacked. (a) It is not past tense — it is unreal present: it would be too tedious, what effrontery it would be. (b) In S10 the it is anticipatory and the real subject is to deny that..., with the exclamatory What effrontery fronted out of the predicate. ★ Family to build today: it were better to..., far be it from me..., be it that... (yesterday's), were it not for..., would that.... Wherever you meet a bare were with a singular subject in Beveridge, translate it would be and check for a hidden condition.
  2. The nominative absolute — NP + being/p.p. ..., twice today, and a discontinuous relative riding on the second. S6: **that being** nearly the period which elapsed.... S10: **the very thing being fulfilled** to which they appeal in support of their credibility. ⚠️ Trap (a): you will hunt for a finite verb inside the absolute and find none — stop hunting, the absolute has no grammatical tie to the main clause; it supplies cause, attendant circumstance or comment. Trap (b), the nasty one: in S10 the relative to which they appeal reaches back over the participle to the very thing. ★ Restore it: the very thing **to which they appeal** ... being fulfilled. Read the head noun, then look for its relative clause anywhere downstream.
  3. Supposing X not to be Y, whence shall it be said that Z proceeded, if it was not from God? — yesterday's concession, now in participial form, feeding a wh-question that is an argument by elimination. S4. ⚠️ Three moving parts. (a) Supposing = a participle frozen into a conjunction (= even granting that), the exact twin of yesterday's Suppose that ... still and of §7's seeing. (b) Supposing **it not to be** sufficient evidence = an accusative-and-infinitive with the negative before the infinitive — 27 words of it before the main clause even starts. (c) **whence** shall it be said that ... **proceeded** — the wh-word belongs to proceeded, which is twenty-two words later. ★ And the tail if it was not from God? closes the only remaining door. A wh-question plus a negative conditional is Calvin's elimination machine: he never says "God did it." He shuts every other exit.

Sixteen sentences. S2, S3, S4, S6, S10 and S14 will take real time. Let's go.


1 — Full Text (the whole § — 16 sentences, verbatim)

8. In the case of the other prophets the evidence is even clearer. I will only select a few examples, for it were too tedious to enumerate the whole. Isaiah, in his own day, when the kingdom of Judah was at peace, and had even some ground to confide in the protection of the Chaldeans, spoke of the destruction of the city and the captivity of the people (Isaiah 55:1). Supposing it not to be sufficient evidence of divine inspiration to foretell, many years before, events which, at the time, seemed fabulous, but which ultimately turned out to be true, whence shall it be said that the prophecies which he uttered concerning their return proceeded, if it was not from God? He names Cyrus, by whom the Chaldeans were to be subdued and the people restored to freedom. After the prophet thus spoke, more than a hundred years elapsed before Cyrus was born, that being nearly the period which elapsed between the death of the one and the birth of the other. It was impossible at that time to guess that some Cyrus would arise to make war on the Babylonians, and after subduing their powerful monarchy, put an end to the captivity of the children of Israel. Does not this simple, unadorned narrative plainly demonstrate that what Isaiah spoke was not the conjecture of man, but the undoubted oracle of God? Again, when Jeremiah, a considerable time before the people were led away, assigned seventy years as the period of captivity, and fixed their liberation and return, must not his tongue have been guided by the Spirit of God? What effrontery were it to deny that, by these evidences, the authority of the prophets is established, the very thing being fulfilled to which they appeal in support of their credibility! “Behold, the former things are come to pass, and new things do I declare; before they spring forth I tell you of them,” (Isaiah 42:9). I say nothing of the agreement between Jeremiah and Ezekiel, who, living so far apart, and yet prophesying at the same time, harmonise as completely in all they say as if they had mutually dictated the words to one another. What shall I say of Daniel? Did not he deliver prophecies embracing a future period of almost six hundred years, as if he had been writing of past events generally known? (Dan. 9, &c). If the pious will duly meditate on these things, they will be sufficiently instructed to silence the cavils of the ungodly. The demonstration is too clear to be gainsaid. ✅ Text note. Our source file source/Institutes_Beveridge_FULL.txt carries §8 at lines 3649–3675. Two printer's line-break hyphenations were rejoined and nothing else was touched: conjec-‖ture → conjecture (S8) and com-‖pletely → completely (S12). The page numbers 79 and 84 and the running header CHAPTER 8. — THE CREDIBILITY OF SCRIPTURE SUFFICIENTLY PROVED IN SO / FAR… fall before S1 and are not part of the section. Every character of the prose above is Beveridge's, including the ampersand-and-c in (Dan. 9, &c) and the curly quotation marks around the Isaiah citation. ⚠️ Now run the Day 42 checks — and today one of them fires. The standing rule since Day 42: check every stranded comparative, every so/too/such without its partner, and every pronoun without an antecedent. Stranded comparatives: even clearer (S1) — partner supplied by context (than in the case of Moses). ✓ too tedious to enumerate (S2), too clear to be gainsaid (S16) — both too ... to, complete. ✓ Pronouns: it was not from God (S4) — it = the prophecies / their source. ✓ the death of the one and the birth of the other (S6) — ⚠️ flagged, see S6. that being (S6) — that = the hundred-plus-year interval. ✓ ⚠️ And the one real defect: the Scripture reference in S3 reads (Isaiah 55:1). ★ That is a misprint, and it is Beveridge's, not ours. Isaiah 55:1 is Ho, every one that thirsteth, come ye to the waters — it has nothing to do with the destruction of the city or the captivity. The verse Calvin is pointing at is Isaiah 39:5–7 (Isaiah to Hezekiah: "all that is in thine house ... shall be carried to Babylon"), which is also the only place where "some ground to confide in the protection of the Chaldeans" makes sense. We quote the misprint verbatim in Period 1 because that is the rule. We do not teach the misprint. See Period 7 #1. ℹ️ On the count. Sixteen sentences — the longest section of the chapter so far, and the shape matters:
   S1   statement       ── the thesis: CLEARER, not longer
   S2   praeteritio     ── "I will only select a few"        ①
   S3   statement       ── EXHIBIT A: Isaiah, the captivity
   S4   QUESTION  ?     ── concession + elimination
   S5   statement       ── ★ THE NAME: Cyrus
   S6   statement       ── the arithmetic of the gap
   S7   statement       ── the impossibility of the guess
   S8   QUESTION  ?     ── verdict on Exhibit A
   S9   QUESTION  ?     ── EXHIBIT B: Jeremiah, seventy years
   S10  EXCLAMATION !   ── ★ the seal, and the self-reference
   S11  QUOTATION       ── Isaiah 42:9 — the proof-text FOR the method
   S12  praeteritio     ── "I say nothing of" Jer. + Ezek.    ②
   S13  QUESTION  ?     ── "What shall I say of Daniel?"      ③
   S14  QUESTION  ?     ── EXHIBIT C: Daniel, six hundred years
   S15  statement       ── the pastoral turn
   S16  statement       ── the close

Three praeteritios in sixteen sentences (S2, S12, S13). ⚠️ Yesterday you met the device once, in S10 (I omit other predictions...). Today it is the section's rhythm. And notice what it is doing structurally: every time Calvin says he will not go on, he goes on. I will only select a few examples → four prophets. I say nothing of the agreement between Jeremiah and Ezekiel → a full sentence on it, with a simile. What shall I say of Daniel? → the biggest claim in the chapter.

This is not decoration. It is a claim about volume. The rhetorical message of praeteritio is: the evidence is so abundant that selection, not accumulation, is my problem. ⚠️ Compare it with §5–§7, where Calvin had to work each proof hard. Today he is behaving like a prosecutor who has stopped calling witnesses because the jury is already nodding. When an author repeatedly refuses to continue, ask what the refusal is asserting.


2 — Structure at a Glance (board work)

  ── PART A: THE THESIS AND THE FIRST REFUSAL (S1–S2) ──

[★ THESIS]  S1  IN THE CASE OF the other prophets
                  the evidence IS ** EVEN CLEARER **
                       ↑ comparative: than in the case of MOSES (§§3-7)
                       ↑ ★ clearer ≠ stronger — 내용의 명료도이지 강도가 아님

[PRAETERIT] S2  I WILL ONLY SELECT a few examples ,
                  ** FOR ** ** IT WERE ** TOO TEDIOUS
                      TO ENUMERATE the whole
                       ↑ ★ were = 가정법 과거 (would be) — 과거시제 ✗
                       ↑ it = 가주어 / to enumerate = 진주어
                       ↑ for = 등위접속사 (because 아님 — 이유의 후치)

  ── PART B: EXHIBIT A — ISAIAH AND THE NAME (S3–S8) ──

[SETUP]     S3  ISAIAH , ( IN HIS OWN DAY , )
                  ( WHEN the kingdom of Judah WAS AT PEACE ,
                    and HAD EVEN SOME GROUND TO CONFIDE IN
                        the protection of the CHALDEANS , )
                  SPOKE OF the DESTRUCTION of the city
                      and the CAPTIVITY of the people
                      (Isaiah 55:1)  ⚠️ 오식 — 사39:5-7
                       ↑ ⚠️ 주어(Isaiah) ↔ 동사(spoke) 사이 23단어
                       ↑ ★ 논증 장치: 예언 시점의 정황이 예언과 정반대

[★ MONSTER] S4  ** SUPPOSING **  it  NOT TO BE sufficient evidence
                      of divine inspiration  TO FORETELL ,
                      ( MANY YEARS BEFORE , )
                      events [ WHICH , ( at the time , ) SEEMED ** FABULOUS ** ,
                               BUT WHICH ULTIMATELY TURNED OUT TO BE TRUE ] ,
                  ** WHENCE ** SHALL IT BE SAID
                      [ that the prophecies ( WHICH he UTTERED
                            concerning their RETURN ) ** PROCEEDED ** ] ,
                  ** IF IT WAS NOT FROM GOD ** ?
                       ↑ Supposing = 분사→접속사 (= 설령 ~라 해도)
                       ↑ it not to be = 대격부정사, 부정어가 to 앞
                       ↑ ★ whence … proceeded — wh와 동사가 22단어 떨어짐
                       ↑ ⚠️ fabulous = 우화 같은·황당한 (훌륭한 ✗)
                       ↑ ★ 소거논법: 다른 출처를 대 보라 → 댈 수 없다

[★ THE NAME] S5 He ** NAMES CYRUS ** ,
                  [ BY WHOM the Chaldeans ** WERE TO BE SUBDUED **
                    and the people ‹were to be› ** RESTORED ** to freedom ]
                       ↑ were to V = 예정된 미래 (운명의 was/were to)
                       ↑ 둘째 절에서 were to be 생략 (gapping)
                       ↑ ★ 고유명사 = 반증 가능한 예언 — 오늘의 핵심

[ARITHMETIC] S6 ( AFTER the prophet THUS SPOKE , )
                  more than A HUNDRED YEARS ** ELAPSED **
                      ( BEFORE Cyrus WAS BORN ) ,
                  ** THAT BEING ** nearly the period
                      [ WHICH ELAPSED between THE DEATH OF THE ONE
                        and THE BIRTH OF THE OTHER ]
                       ↑ ★ 독립분사구문(nominative absolute) — 정동사 없음
                       ↑ ⚠️ the one = 이사야 / the other = 고레스
                       ↑ that = 앞의 100년 남짓한 간격

[NO-GUESS]  S7  IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE ( at that time ) TO GUESS
                  [ that SOME CYRUS WOULD ARISE
                      TO MAKE WAR on the Babylonians ,
                      and ( AFTER SUBDUING their powerful monarchy , )
                      ‹to› ** PUT AN END TO ** the captivity
                          of the children of Israel ]
                       ↑ some + 고유명사 = "무슨 고레스라는 자"
                       ↑ ★ put 은 make 와 병렬 (to 지배) — arise 와 병렬 ✗

[VERDICT]   S8  ** DOES NOT ** this SIMPLE , UNADORNED narrative
                  PLAINLY DEMONSTRATE
                  [ that ‹what Isaiah spoke› WAS ** NOT ** the CONJECTURE of man ,
                    ** BUT ** the UNDOUBTED ORACLE of God ] ?
                       ↑ 부정의문문 = 강한 긍정
                       ↑ not A but B / 주어가 관계절 what-clause

  ── PART C: EXHIBIT B — JEREMIAH AND THE NUMBER (S9) ──

[NUMBER]    S9  AGAIN , ( WHEN Jeremiah ,
                      ( A CONSIDERABLE TIME BEFORE the people WERE LED AWAY , )
                      ASSIGNED ** SEVENTY YEARS ** as the period of captivity ,
                      and FIXED their LIBERATION and RETURN , )
                  ** MUST NOT ** his tongue ** HAVE BEEN GUIDED **
                      by the Spirit of God ?
                       ↑ must have p.p. = 추론의 must (의무 ✗)
                       ↑ must not ~? = 부정의문 → 강한 단정
                       ↑ ⚠️ 삽입절이 주어(Jeremiah)와 동사(assigned)를 가른다

  ── PART D: THE SEAL AND ITS PROOF-TEXT (S10–S11) ──

[★ MONSTER] S10 ** WHAT EFFRONTERY WERE IT ** TO DENY
                  [ that , ( BY THESE EVIDENCES , )
                    the AUTHORITY of the prophets IS ESTABLISHED ] ,
                  ** THE VERY THING BEING FULFILLED **
                      ‹ TO WHICH they APPEAL in support of their credibility › !
                       ↑ ★ were = 가정법 (would be) — S2 와 같은 기계
                       ↑ it = 가주어 / to deny = 진주어 / What effrontery = 전치된 보어
                       ↑ ★ 독립분사구문 #2
                       ↑ ⚠️ 불연속 관계절: to which → the very thing (분사 너머로)
                       ↑ ★ 자기지시: 예언자들이 내건 그 기준이 그대로 충족됨

[PROOF-TXT] S11 “ BEHOLD , the FORMER THINGS ARE COME TO PASS ,
                   and NEW THINGS ** DO I DECLARE ** ;
                   ( BEFORE they SPRING FORTH ) I TELL YOU OF THEM , ”
                      (Isaiah 42:9)
                       ↑ do I declare = 강조의 do + 도치 (신 42:9 AV)
                       ↑ ★ 예언자 자신이 내건 검증 기준 = S10의 "the very thing"

  ── PART E: TWO MORE REFUSALS AND EXHIBIT C (S12–S14) ──

[PRAETERIT] S12 I ** SAY NOTHING OF ** the agreement
                  between JEREMIAH and EZEKIEL ,
                  [ WHO , ( LIVING SO FAR APART ,
                            and YET PROPHESYING at the same time , )
                    HARMONISE ** AS COMPLETELY ** in all they say
                    ** AS IF ** they ** HAD MUTUALLY DICTATED **
                        the words to one another ]
                       ↑ as ~ as if ~ 상관구문
                       ↑ as if + 과거완료 = 사실 반대의 비유
                       ↑ ⚠️ living/prophesying = 양보의 분사 (so far apart … yet)

[PRAETERIT] S13 ** WHAT SHALL I SAY OF ** Daniel ?
                       ↑ 의지·숙고의 shall (1인칭 의문)

[EXHIBIT C] S14 ** DID NOT HE ** DELIVER prophecies
                  ( ** EMBRACING ** a future period of ALMOST SIX HUNDRED YEARS ) ,
                  ** AS IF ** he ** HAD BEEN WRITING **
                      of PAST EVENTS ( GENERALLY KNOWN ) ?  (Dan. 9, &c)
                       ↑ ⚠️ Did not he (Didn't he ✗ — 비축약 어순)
                       ↑ embracing = 포괄하는 (껴안는 ✗)
                       ↑ as if + 과거완료진행 = 이미 일어난 일을 적듯이

  ── PART F: THE PASTORAL TURN AND THE CLOSE (S15–S16) ──

[PASTORAL]  S15 ( ** IF ** the pious ** WILL ** DULY MEDITATE on these things , )
                  they WILL BE SUFFICIENTLY INSTRUCTED
                      TO SILENCE the CAVILS of the ungodly
                       ↑ ⚠️ if ~ will = 의지의 will (단순미래 ✗)
                       ↑ ★ 목적: 자기 확신이 아니라 반론 봉쇄 (§1·§13 위계)

[CLOSE]     S16 The DEMONSTRATION IS ** TOO CLEAR TO BE GAINSAID **
                       ↑ too ~ to + 수동
                       ↑ gainsay = gain-(against) + say = 반박하다

Examiner's Eye — three traps, and the first one is the one that decides whether you can read Beveridge at all.

⚠️ Trap A — were in S2 and S10 read as past tense. A grammar item will underline for it **were** too tedious and ask you to "correct" it to it **was** too tedious. Do not touch it. ★ This is the bare past subjunctive of be, and its meaning is present unreal: it would be too tedious. ⚠️ The give-away is the infinitive that follows: it were too tedious **to enumerate** — there is a suppressed condition inside that infinitive (if I were to enumerate the whole). Same machine in S10: What effrontery **were it** to deny... = what effrontery it would be, if one were to deny. ★ Rule: bare were + singular subject + an infinitive carrying the condition = subjunctive, translate would be. And note the register — Beveridge reaches for it at exactly two moments, both of them the writer's own posture toward his material (I decline to go on; I judge such denial shameless). The subjunctive is where the translator's voice shows.

⚠️ Trap B — the direction of S6's the one and the other. A comprehension option will read: "Isaiah was born roughly a hundred years after Cyrus died." ⚠️ Reversed — and it catches people, because S6 never names either man in that clause. ★ Restore it from the sentence itself: After the prophet thus spoke, more than a hundred years elapsed **before Cyrus was born**. The order is fixed by that line: prophet first, Cyrus after. So the death of **the one** = Isaiah's death, the birth of **the other** = Cyrus's birth. ⚠️ And note the sly precision of that being **nearly** the period — Calvin is saying the interval between the two lives is about the same as the interval between the utterance and the birth, i.e. Isaiah did not live to see any part of it.When the one ... the other has no antecedent in its own clause, take the order from the previous clause. Always the previous clause.

⚠️ Trap C — the scope trap on S10's self-reference, and it is the deepest point in the section. An option will read: "Calvin holds that the prophets' authority rests on the fulfilment of the predictions they themselves selected as their test."That is very close to right — which is what makes the wrong version dangerous. The wrong version will overreach into: "...and therefore Scripture's authority rests on this fulfilment." ⚠️ No. Read S10 narrowly: the authority of **the prophets** is establishednot the authority of Scripture is grounded. ★ Calvin fenced this off in §1 and will fence it again in §13: these are secondary helps. The Spirit's inner testimony (Ch. 7) is the ground; §8 supplies arguments that silence cavils (S15 says exactly that, and says nothing more). ⚠️ The tell in the sentence: Calvin's verb is established, and his beneficiaries in S15 are the pious — people who already believe. He is arming believers against mockers, not converting mockers. Any option that promotes §8 from apologetic support to epistemic foundation has overreached the scope.


3 — Sentence-by-Sentence Live Teaching

S1★★the comparative that announces a change of evidence — and it is not the change you expect

"In the case of the other prophets the evidence is even clearer."

`

S
  • ` In the case of the other prophets
  • the evidence is even clearer
절 [ ] 종속절   ( ) 삽입·수식   등위/관계 접속   bold 핵심 구문
🔤 Morphology · 어형
  • evidence < e- (out) + videre (to see) = that which is seen out — the visible showing; family: evident, video, vision, provide(pro+videre — see ahead → provide·providence, ★ the pun Calvin exploited on Day 43 with prudence), survey, review. — clear < clarus (bright, loud) — ⚠️ the root sense is bright, not "understandable"; family: clarify, declare (S11!), clarion, Clara. ★ Note: `declare` in S11 is de + clarare = to make bright — the same root as `clearer` here. Calvin's proof-text repeats his own adjective.
💬 Idiom · 관용
  • in the case of ~ = ~의 경우에는; even + 비교급 = 한층 더 ~한 (even clearer = 한결 더 분명하다).
쉬운 영어 / Modern English

With the other prophets the evidence is even more obvious.

Key changes · 올·현대 표현
  • In the case of → With / When it comes to
  • the evidence is even clearer → the evidence is even more obvious.
S2★★★⚠️ SENTENCE OF THE DAY #1 — a two-letter word that is not a typo, and the section's governing rhetorical device

"I will only select a few examples, for it were too tedious to enumerate the whole."

`

S
  • ` I will only select a few examples
  • for
  • it were too tedious
  • to enumerate the whole
절 [ ] 종속절   ( ) 삽입·수식   등위/관계 접속   bold 핵심 구문
🔤 Morphology · 어형
  • tedious < Lat. taedium (weariness, disgust) < taedet me ("it wearies me") — ⚠️ the root is impersonal, which is exactly the construction Beveridge builds (`it were too tedious`); family: tedium, ⚠️ and note taedium vitae (weariness of life). — enumerate < e- (out) + numerus (number) = to number out; family: numeral, numerous, innumerable, supernumerary. — select < se- (apart) + legere (to gather, to read) — ★ legere is one of the great roots: collect, elect, neglect, intellect, lecture, legend, elegant (= e+legans, "choosing carefully"). — example < ex + emere (to take) = taken out (as a sample); ⚠️ emere "to buy" originally "to take"; family: exempt, redeem, premium, sample (a doublet of example).
💬 Idiom · 관용
  • it were too A to V = ~하기에는 너무 A할 것이다 (= ~한다면 지나치게 A하다); the whole = 전체 (명사적 용법); select a few examples = 몇 가지 예만 골라 들다.
쉬운 영어 / Modern English

I'll pick out just a few examples, since going through them all would take forever.

Key changes · 올·현대 표현
  • I will only select → I'll pick out just
  • for → since / because
  • it were too tedious → it would take forever / it'd be too tiresome
  • to enumerate the whole → to go through them all.
S3★★★⚠️ SENTENCE OF THE DAY #2 — 23 words between subject and verb, a false friend, and a misprinted reference

"Isaiah, in his own day, when the kingdom of Judah was at peace, and had even some ground to confide in the protection of the Chaldeans, spoke of the destruction of the city and the captivity of the people (Isaiah 55:1)."

`

S
  • ` Isaiah
  • 삽입·수식 ( )
    • in his own day
  • 절 [ ]
    • 시간절 (when)when the kingdom of Judah was at peace
    • 등위 (and)andwhen it› had even some ground to confide in the protection of the Chaldeans
  • spoke of the destruction of the city
  • 등위 (and)and the captivity of the people
  • 삽입·수식 ( )
    • Isaiah 55:1
절 [ ] 종속절   ( ) 삽입·수식   등위/관계 접속   bold 핵심 구문
🔤 Morphology · 어형
  • confide < com- (intensive) + fidere (to trust) < fides — family: faith, fidelity, confident, diffident (⚠️ dis+fidere = dis-trusting → shy), perfidy (per+fides = through/beyond faith → treachery), affidavit, fiancé(e), federal (foedus < fides). — captivity < capere (to take, seize) — ★ capere is enormous: capture, captive, receive, deceive, conceive, perceive, accept, except, anticipate, participate, municipal, ⚠️ and caption. — destruction < de- (down) + struere (to pile up) — family: structure, construct, instruct, obstruct, industry. — Chaldean < Gk. Χαλδαῖοι, Heb. כַּשְׂדִּים Kaśdîm — ⚠️ in later usage the word drifts to mean astrologer (Dan. 2:2), because Babylon was the home of star-reading. ★ Keep the two senses apart in Daniel.
💬 Idiom · 관용
  • in his own day = 그 자신의 시대에·생전에; be at peace = 평화로운 상태다; have ground to V = ~할 근거가 있다; ⚠️ confide in ~ = ~을 신뢰하다 (비밀을 털어놓다 ✗); speak of ~ = ~에 관해 말하다·예고하다.
쉬운 영어 / Modern English

In his own lifetime — when Judah was at peace and actually had reason to count on Chaldean protection — Isaiah announced the destruction of the city and the deportation of the people.

Key changes · 올·현대 표현
  • in his own day → in his own lifetime
  • had even some ground to confide in → actually had reason to count on
  • spoke of → announced
  • the captivity of the people → the deportation of the people.
S4★★★⚠️ SENTENCE OF THE DAY #3 — the monster: a 27-word concession, an accusative-and-infinitive, and a wh-word 22 words from its verb

"Supposing it not to be sufficient evidence of divine inspiration to foretell, many years before, events which, at the time, seemed fabulous, but which ultimately turned out to be true, whence shall it be said that the prophecies which he uttered concerning their return proceeded, if it was not from God?"

`

S
  • ` Supposing
  • it not to be sufficient evidence of divine inspiration
  • to foretell
    • 삽입·수식 ( )
      • many years before
  • events
    • 절 [ ]
      • which, seemed fabulous
        • 삽입·수식 ( )
          • at the time
      • 등위 (but)but which ultimately turned out to be true
  • whence shall it be said
  • 절 [ ]
    • 명사/결과절 (that)that the prophecies proceeded
      • 삽입·수식 ( )
        • 관계절 (which)which he uttered concerning their return
  • 조건절 (if)if it was not from God ?
절 [ ] 종속절   ( ) 삽입·수식   등위/관계 접속   bold 핵심 구문
🔤 Morphology · 어형
  • ⚠️ fabulous < fabula (a told story, a fable) < fari (to speak) — ★ fari is a monster root: fable, fate (fatum = what has been spoken), fame, infant (in-fans = not speaking), preface, confess, profess, affable, ineffable, infamy. Note `fate` and `infant` sit on the same root as `fabulous` — all of them about speech. — foretell = OE fore + tellan ★ a Germanic calque of Lat. praedicere; ⚠️ Beveridge alternates foretell / predict / prophesy — same act, three etymological layers (Germanic / Latin / Greek). — proceed < pro- (forward) + cedere (to go) — family: precede, recede, secede, concede, accede, exceed, succeed, cease, ancestor. ★ In theology procedere is a technical term (the Spirit proceeds from the Father) — the verb Calvin picks for the origin of prophecy is the verb the creeds use for the origin of the Spirit. That is not an accident. — utter (v.) < ME uttren < ut (out) — ⚠️ unrelated to utter (adj., "complete"), which is the comparative of out. Two different words, same spelling.
💬 Idiom · 관용
  • supposing (that) ~ = 설령 ~라 하더라도; suppose A to be B = A를 B라고 보다 (대격부정사); turn out to be ~ = 결국 ~로 판명되다; whence ~? = 어디로부터 ~인가; proceed from ~ = ~에서 비롯되다.
쉬운 영어 / Modern English

Even if you say that predicting, many years ahead, events that sounded like fantasy at the time but eventually came true is not proof enough of divine inspiration — then where are we supposed to say the prophecies he gave about their return came from, if not from God?

Key changes · 올·현대 표현
  • Supposing it not to be → Even if you say that ... is not
  • sufficient evidence of → proof enough of
  • seemed fabulous → sounded like fantasy
  • ultimately turned out to be true → eventually came true
  • whence shall it be said that ... proceeded → where are we supposed to say ... came from.
S5★★the shortest sentence in the section and the most dangerous claim in the chapter

"He names Cyrus, by whom the Chaldeans were to be subdued and the people restored to freedom."

`

S
  • ` He names Cyrus
  • 절 [ ]
    • by whom the Chaldeans were to be subdued
    • 등위 (and)and the people ‹were to berestored to freedom
절 [ ] 종속절   ( ) 삽입·수식   등위/관계 접속   bold 핵심 구문
🔤 Morphology · 어형
  • subdue < OFr souduire < Lat. subducere (to draw from under), sense from subdere (to put under) — ⚠️ a hybrid word: French form, Latin sense; family: duke/duct/conduct/induce (ducere), and sub- as in submit, subject, subordinate. — restore < re- + staurare (to set up) — ★ cognate with Gk. σταυρός stauros (an upright stake → the cross); family: store, instaurate, ⚠️ and restaurant (a food that "restores" you — the original 18th-c. sense was the broth, not the room). — Cyrus < OPers. Kūruš, Heb. כּוֹרֶשׁ Kōreš, Gk. Κῦρος.
💬 Idiom · 관용
  • name A = A의 이름을 대다·지명하다; be to be p.p. = ~되기로 정해져 있다; restore A to freedom = A를 자유의 몸으로 되돌리다.
쉬운 영어 / Modern English

He gives the name Cyrus — the man who would defeat the Chaldeans and set the people free.

Key changes · 올·현대 표현
  • He names Cyrus → He gives the name Cyrus
  • by whom ... were to be subdued → the man who would defeat
  • the people restored to freedom → set the people free.
S6★★★⚠️ SENTENCE OF THE DAY #4 — a construction with no finite verb, and a pronoun pair with no antecedent in its own clause

"After the prophet thus spoke, more than a hundred years elapsed before Cyrus was born, that being nearly the period which elapsed between the death of the one and the birth of the other."

`

S
  • `
    • 삽입·수식 ( )
      • After the prophet thus spoke
  • more than a hundred years elapsed
  • 삽입·수식 ( )
    • before Cyrus was born
  • 명사/결과절 (that)that being nearly the period
    • 절 [ ]
      • 관계절 (which)which elapsed between the death of the one and the birth of the other
절 [ ] 종속절   ( ) 삽입·수식   등위/관계 접속   bold 핵심 구문
🔤 Morphology · 어형
  • elapse < e- (away) + labi (to slip, glide) — family: lapse, collapse (com+labi = fall together), relapse, prolapse, labile. ⚠️ Note the participial stem laps- gives the noun. — period < Gk. περίοδος periodos < peri (around) + hodos (way) = a going round → a cycle → a stretch of time; ★ hodos also gives method (meta+hodos = a going after) and exodus (ex+hodos = a going out) and synod (syn+hodos = a going together). — born / borne ⚠️ same verb bear, split spellings: `born` = brought into life, `borne` = carried/endured. Beveridge is exact about this. So is the AV.
💬 Idiom · 관용
  • time elapses = 시간이 경과하다; that being ~ = 그것이 ~인 셈이니 (독립분사구문); the one ... the other = 전자 ... 후자 (⚠️ 앞 절의 등장 순서를 따른다).
쉬운 영어 / Modern English

After the prophet said this, more than a hundred years went by before Cyrus was even born — about the same stretch as between Isaiah's death and Cyrus's birth.

Key changes · 올·현대 표현
  • thus spoke → said this
  • elapsed → went by
  • that being nearly the period which elapsed → about the same stretch as
  • the one ... the other → Isaiah ... Cyrus.
S7★★the counterfactual, and a coordination trap that changes who does what

"It was impossible at that time to guess that some Cyrus would arise to make war on the Babylonians, and after subduing their powerful monarchy, put an end to the captivity of the children of Israel."

`

S
  • ` It was impossible to guess
    • 삽입·수식 ( )
      • at that time
  • 절 [ ]
    • 명사/결과절 (that)that some Cyrus would arise
      • to make war on the Babylonians
      • 등위 (and)and
        • 삽입·수식 ( )
          • after subduing their powerful monarchy
      • ‹to› put an end to the captivity of the children of Israel
절 [ ] 종속절   ( ) 삽입·수식   등위/관계 접속   bold 핵심 구문
🔤 Morphology · 어형
  • monarchy < Gk. μόναρχος monarchos < monos (alone) + archein (to rule) — ★ archein gives anarchy, oligarchy, hierarchy, patriarch, architect (archi+tektōn = chief builder), archangel, ⚠️ and arche (beginning) in archaeology, ἐν ἀρχῇ (John 1:1). — captivity — see S3. — guess ⚠️ Germanic/Norse, not Latin — ON gizka, related to get; ★ in a paragraph of Latinate abstractions Beveridge drops a blunt Norse monosyllable. Feel the drop in register. It is doing work.
💬 Idiom · 관용
  • it is impossible to V = ~하기란 불가능하다; make war on ~ = ~에 전쟁을 걸다; put an end to ~ = ~을 끝장내다; some + 고유명사 = 무슨 ~라는 자.
쉬운 영어 / Modern English

At that point nobody could have guessed that some man named Cyrus would appear, go to war with the Babylonians, and — once he had brought down their powerful empire — end Israel's captivity.

Key changes · 올·현대 표현
  • It was impossible ... to guess → nobody could have guessed
  • some Cyrus would arise → some man named Cyrus would appear
  • after subduing their powerful monarchy → once he had brought down their powerful empire
  • put an end to the captivity of the children of Israel → end Israel's captivity.
S8★★the verdict on Exhibit A — a negative interrogative, and two adjectives that are an argument

"Does not this simple, unadorned narrative plainly demonstrate that what Isaiah spoke was not the conjecture of man, but the undoubted oracle of God?"

`

S
  • ` Does not this simple, unadorned narrative
  • plainly demonstrate
  • ?
    • 절 [ ]
      • 명사/결과절 (that)thatwhat Isaiah spoke
        • was not the conjecture of man
        • 등위 (but)but the undoubted oracle of God
절 [ ] 종속절   ( ) 삽입·수식   등위/관계 접속   bold 핵심 구문
🔤 Morphology · 어형
  • conjecture < com- (together) + iacere (to throw) — ★ iacere family: project, reject, inject, eject, subject, object, adjective, ejaculate, jet, ⚠️ and jettison/jetsam (goods thrown overboard). The whole family is throwing. — oracle < orare (to speak, pray) < os, oris (mouth) — family: oral, orator, oration, adore (ad+orare), inexorable (in+ex+orare = not to be prayed out of), ⚠️ and orifice. — unadorned < ad + ornare (to equip, embellish) — family: ornament, ornate, adorn, ⚠️ ordinary? no — ornare is from ordo (order), so yes: order → to put in order → to furnish → to decorate. — demonstrate < de- + monstrare (to show) < ⚠️ monstrum (a divine portent, a sign) < monere (to warn) — ★ `demonstrate` and `monster` are the same root: a monster was originally a SIGN. Family: monitor, admonish, premonition, muster, remonstrate.
💬 Idiom · 관용
  • Does not S V ~? = ~하지 않는가 (= 분명히 ~한다); not A but B = A가 아니라 B; the conjecture of man = 인간의 억측; the oracle of God = 하나님의 신탁.
쉬운 영어 / Modern English

Doesn't this plain, undecorated account clearly show that what Isaiah said was not human guesswork but an unquestionable word from God?

Key changes · 올·현대 표현
  • Does not → Doesn't
  • unadorned narrative → undecorated account
  • plainly demonstrate → clearly show
  • the conjecture of man → human guesswork
  • the undoubted oracle of God → an unquestionable word from God.
S9★★Exhibit B — the number, and an inference-must inside a negative question

"Again, when Jeremiah, a considerable time before the people were led away, assigned seventy years as the period of captivity, and fixed their liberation and return, must not his tongue have been guided by the Spirit of God?"

`

S
  • ` Again
  • 절 [ ]
    • 시간절 (when)when Jeremiah
      • 삽입·수식 ( )
        • a considerable time before the people were led away
    • assigned seventy years as the period of captivity
    • 등위 (and)and fixed their liberation and return
  • must not his tongue have been guided by the Spirit of God ?
절 [ ] 종속절   ( ) 삽입·수식   등위/관계 접속   bold 핵심 구문
🔤 Morphology · 어형
  • assign < ad + signare (to mark) < signum — family: signal, design, resign, consign, ensign, insignia. — considerable < com- + sidus, sideris (a star) = ⚠️ originally "to examine the stars" → to contemplate carefully → (of a quantity) worth considering → large; ★ same root in desire (de+sidere, ⚠️ "to await from the stars"). Consider and desire are both astrology words. — liberation < liber (free) — family: liberty, liberal, deliver (de+liberare), ⚠️ and libertine. — tongue — OE tunge; ★ the AV's standard word for language (Acts 2:4) and for speech as an organ of the Spirit.
💬 Idiom · 관용
  • a considerable time before ~ = ~보다 한참 전에; lead away = (포로로) 끌고 가다; assign A as B = A를 B로 정하다; must not S have p.p. ~? = ~했음에 틀림없지 않은가.
쉬운 영어 / Modern English

Or again: when Jeremiah, well before the deportation, set the captivity at seventy years and pinned down their release and return — mustn't his tongue have been guided by the Spirit of God?

Key changes · 올·현대 표현
  • a considerable time before the people were led away → well before the deportation
  • assigned seventy years as the period of captivity → set the captivity at seventy years
  • fixed their liberation and return → pinned down their release and return.
S10★★★⚠️ SENTENCE OF THE DAY #5 — the seal: a subjunctive, an absolute, and a relative clause that reaches back over a participle

"What effrontery were it to deny that, by these evidences, the authority of the prophets is established, the very thing being fulfilled to which they appeal in support of their credibility!"

`

S
  • ` What effrontery
  • were it
  • to deny
  • 절 [ ]
    • 명사/결과절 (that)that
      • 삽입·수식 ( )
        • by these evidences
    • the authority of the prophets
    • is established
  • the very thing being fulfilled
  • to which they appeal in support of their credibility › !
절 [ ] 종속절   ( ) 삽입·수식   등위/관계 접속   bold 핵심 구문
🔤 Morphology · 어형
  • effrontery < Fr. effronterie < Lat. ex + frons, frontis (forehead, brow) — ★ "brow-out" = brazen-faced; family: front, affront (⚠️ to strike on the forehead → to insult), confront, frontier, frontispiece. — evidence — see S1. — establish < stabilire < stabilis < stare (to stand) — ★ stare family is vast: stable, state, status, statue, station, constant, distant, instant, obstacle, substance, circumstance, ⚠️ and ecstasy (Gk. ek+histanai = standing outside oneself). — appeal < ad + pellere (to drive, push) = to drive toward, to call upon — family: compel, expel, repel, dispel, propel, pulse, impulse, ⚠️ and push itself (via OFr poulser). — credibility < credere (to believe, ⚠️ originally "to put one's heart" — PIE ḱred-dʰeh₁-) — family: creed, credo, credit, credential, credulous, incredible, ★ and miscreant (S9 tomorrow: mis+credere = a wrong-believer, i.e. originally a heretic, only later a villain).
💬 Idiom · 관용
  • What N were it to V ...! = ~한다면 얼마나 N이겠는가; by these evidences = 이런 증거들에 의해; the very thing = 바로 그것; appeal to A in support of B = B를 뒷받침하려고 A에 호소하다.
쉬운 영어 / Modern English

It would take real nerve to deny that these proofs establish the prophets' authority — when the very test they themselves pointed to as their guarantee is being met.

Key changes · 올·현대 표현
  • What effrontery were it to deny → It would take real nerve to deny
  • by these evidences → these proofs
  • the very thing being fulfilled to which they appeal → the very test they themselves pointed to ... is being met
  • in support of their credibility → as their guarantee.
S11★★the proof-text FOR the method — and the grammar of the quotation is the argument

"“Behold, the former things are come to pass, and new things do I declare; before they spring forth I tell you of them,” (Isaiah 42:9)."

`

S
  • ` “ Behold
  • the former things are come to pass
  • 등위 (and)and new things do I declare
  • 삽입·수식 ( )
    • before they spring forth
  • I tell you of them, ”
  • 삽입·수식 ( )
    • Isaiah 42:9
절 [ ] 종속절   ( ) 삽입·수식   등위/관계 접속   bold 핵심 구문
🔤 Morphology · 어형
  • declare < de- (thoroughly) + clarare (to make clear/bright) < clarus — ★ the same root as S1's `clearer`: Calvin's proof-text repeats his own opening adjective. Family: clarify, clarion, declaration. — behold — OE behealdan (to hold thoroughly, keep in view) ⚠️ the modern sense "look!" is the imperative only; family: hold, uphold, withhold, beholden(= held under obligation). — spring forth renders Heb. צָמַח ṣāmaḥ (to sprout) — ★ the noun צֶמַח ṣemaḥ ("the Branch") is the messianic title of Jer. 23:5, Zech. 3:8, 6:12. — former — comparative of OE forma (first), ⚠️ a double comparative (first + -er) with no positive form; twin of latter.
💬 Idiom · 관용
  • Behold = 보라 (주의 환기의 담화 표지); come to pass = 일어나다·성취되다 (⚠️ AV의 표준 표현); do + V = 강조의 do; before ~ spring forth = ~이 싹트기도 전에; tell A of B = A에게 B에 관해 알리다.
쉬운 영어 / Modern English

"Look — the earlier things have happened, and now I am announcing new ones; before they even sprout, I am telling you about them."

Key changes · 올·현대 표현
  • Behold → Look
  • are come to pass → have happened
  • do I declare → I am announcing
  • before they spring forth → before they even sprout
  • I tell you of them → I am telling you about them.
S12★★praeteritio #2 — a concessive participle pair and a counterfactual simile

"I say nothing of the agreement between Jeremiah and Ezekiel, who, living so far apart, and yet prophesying at the same time, harmonise as completely in all they say as if they had mutually dictated the words to one another."

`

S
  • ` I say nothing of the agreement between Jeremiah and Ezekiel
  • 절 [ ]
    • 관계절 (who)who
      • 삽입·수식 ( )
        • living so far apart
        • 등위 (and)and yet prophesying at the same time
    • harmonise as completely in all they say
    • as if they had mutually dictated the words to one another
절 [ ] 종속절   ( ) 삽입·수식   등위/관계 접속   bold 핵심 구문
🔤 Morphology · 어형
  • harmonise < Gk. ἁρμονία harmonia < harmos (a joint, a fitting) < ararisko (to fit together) — ★ the root sense is carpentry, not music; family: harmony, ⚠️ arm? no — but article and arthritis (Gk. arthron, a joint) are the same PIE root ar- "to fit". — dictate < dictare, frequentative of dicere (to say) — family: diction, dictionary, edict, verdict (vere+dictum = a true saying), predict, contradict, indicate, ⚠️ and ditto (It. detto, "said" — the same thing said again). — mutually < mutuus (borrowed, reciprocal) < mutare (to change) — family: mutation, commute, permute, ⚠️ and mutual fund (money exchanged in common). — agreement < ad + gratum (pleasing) — ⚠️ the root is pleasing, not "same": grace, grateful, gratis, congratulate, ingratiate, agree.
💬 Idiom · 관용
  • say nothing of ~ = ~은 말할 것도 없거니와 (⚠️ 언급하지 않겠다면서 언급하는 수사); so far apart = 그토록 멀리 떨어져; and yet = 그런데도; as if + 과거완료 = 마치 ~했던 것처럼 (사실은 아님); dictate A to B = A를 B에게 받아쓰게 하다.
쉬운 영어 / Modern English

I won't even go into how well Jeremiah and Ezekiel agree — men who lived far apart and yet prophesied at the same time, and who match each other so exactly in everything they say that you'd think they had dictated the words to each other.

Key changes · 올·현대 표현
  • I say nothing of → I won't even go into
  • living so far apart, and yet prophesying → who lived far apart and yet prophesied
  • harmonise as completely → match each other so exactly
  • as if they had mutually dictated → that you'd think they had dictated ... to each other.
S13praeteritio #3 — one point, then move on

"What shall I say of Daniel?"

쉬운 영어 / Modern English

And what am I to say about Daniel?

S14★★★⚠️ SENTENCE OF THE DAY #6 — Exhibit C, an uncontracted negative interrogative, and a counterfactual that reverses time

"Did not he deliver prophecies embracing a future period of almost six hundred years, as if he had been writing of past events generally known? (Dan. 9, &c)."

`

S
  • ` Did not he deliver prophecies
  • 삽입·수식 ( )
    • embracing a future period of almost six hundred years
  • as if he had been writing of past events ?
    • 삽입·수식 ( )
      • generally known
  • 삽입·수식 ( )
    • Dan. 9, &c
절 [ ] 종속절   ( ) 삽입·수식   등위/관계 접속   bold 핵심 구문
🔤 Morphology · 어형
  • embrace < OFr embracier < Lat. in + brachium (arm) — ⚠️ abstract sense = encompass; family: bracelet, brace, ★ and brassiere (Fr. "arm-piece"). — deliver < de- + liberare (to free) = to set free → to hand over → to utter; ⚠️ `deliver a speech` and `deliver us from evil` are the same verb. ★ Feel the odd fit: prophecy is released, not merely spoken. — period — see S6. — generally < genus, generis (kind, race) — ⚠️ `generally known` = known to the kind at large, common knowledge, not "usually known"; family: general, genus, genre, gender, generate, degenerate, ingenuous, ★ and genius (the spirit of a gens).
💬 Idiom · 관용
  • Did not S V ~? = ~하지 않았는가 (= 분명히 했다); deliver prophecies = 예언을 내놓다; embrace a period of ~ = ~의 기간을 포괄하다; as if + 과거완료진행 = 마치 ~하고 있었던 것처럼; &c = 등등 (et cetera).
쉬운 영어 / Modern English

Didn't he issue prophecies covering nearly six hundred years of future history, writing as though he were recounting well-known past events?

Key changes · 올·현대 표현
  • Did not he deliver → Didn't he issue
  • embracing a future period of → covering ... of future history
  • as if he had been writing of → as though he were recounting
  • past events generally known → well-known past events.
S15★★the pastoral turn — and one modal that decides the whole sentence

"If the pious will duly meditate on these things, they will be sufficiently instructed to silence the cavils of the ungodly."

`

S
  • `
    • 삽입·수식 ( )
      • 조건절 (if)If the pious will duly meditate on these things
  • they will be sufficiently instructed
  • to silence the cavils of the ungodly
절 [ ] 종속절   ( ) 삽입·수식   등위/관계 접속   bold 핵심 구문
🔤 Morphology · 어형
  • pious < pius — ⚠️ Roman pietas = dutifulness toward gods, family and state, a much wider word than English "piety"; family: pity (⚠️ a doublet of piety), expiate, ★ and pious in pia fraus (a pious fraud). — meditate < meditari (to think over, to practise) < PIE med- (to measure, take appropriate measures) — ★ same root as medicine, remedy, modest, moderate, mode, measure; ⚠️ the root idea is TAKING THE MEASURE of something. — cavil < cavilla (a jeer, a quibble) — family: cavillation; ⚠️ unrelated to cave/cavity. — ungodly — OE formation; ★ note Beveridge/AV prefer the Germanic negative adjective for the enemy (ungodly, unbelieving) and Latinate abstractions for the argument (credibility, demonstration). The register split is consistent and it is worth hearing.
💬 Idiom · 관용
  • meditate on ~ = ~을 깊이 묵상하다; duly = 마땅히·제대로; ⚠️ if ~ will V = ~할 마음만 있다면 (단순미래 ✗); silence the cavils of ~ = ~의 트집을 잠재우다.
쉬운 영어 / Modern English

If believers are willing to give these matters the thought they deserve, they will know enough to shut down the sneers of the ungodly.

Key changes · 올·현대 표현
  • If the pious will duly meditate on → If believers are willing to give ... the thought they deserve
  • sufficiently instructed → know enough
  • to silence the cavils of → to shut down the sneers of.
S16the close — one point

"The demonstration is too clear to be gainsaid."

쉬운 영어 / Modern English

The proof is too plain to argue with.

Key changes · 올·현대 표현
  • The demonstration → The proof
  • too clear to be gainsaid → too plain to argue with.

4 — Today's Grammar Formulas (시험 직전 이것만)

Formula 1 — 맨동사 가정법 were: it were ADJ to V / What N were it to V …!

   ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
   │   IT  WERE  + ADJ  + TO V                                 │
   │        =  IT  WOULD BE  + ADJ  + TO V                     │
   │        =  ( IF ONE WERE TO V ) , IT WOULD BE ADJ .        │
   │                                                           │
   │   WHAT + N + WERE IT + TO V …!                            │
   │        =  WHAT N IT WOULD BE TO V …!                      │
   │        ★ What N = 전치된 보어 / it = 가주어 / to V = 진주어  │
   │        ★ were it 의 도치는 '가정법'이 일으킨다 (감탄 ✗)      │
   └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
   TODAY'S TWO:
     S2   for ** it were ** too tedious to enumerate the whole
     S10  ** What effrontery were it ** to deny that …!

   ⚠️ 함정 3개
   ① 과거시제로 읽기 → "너무 지루했다" ✗. **현재의 비현실**이다.
   ② 조건절을 찾다가 못 찾고 포기 → ★ 조건은 **부정사 안에** 숨어 있다.
      too tedious **to enumerate** = if I were to enumerate
      **to deny** = if anyone were to deny
   ③ `were it` 을 감탄문 도치로 설명하기 → ✗. 현대 감탄문은 도치하지 않는다
      ("What a fool he is!"). **가정법 be 동사가 앞으로 나온 것**이다.

   ★ 같은 기계의 식구 (전부 if 없음)
        were it not for N        = N 이 없다면
        be it that S+V           = 설령 ~라 해도       ← Day 43
        far be it from me to V   = 결코 ~할 생각 없다
        it were better to V      = ~하는 편이 나으리라
        would that S+V           = ~라면 좋으련만
        suffice it to say that ~ = ~라고만 해 두자

변형 연습. 다음을 Formula 1 로 옮기시오.

「그 예언들을 하나하나 세어 보는 일은 끝이 없을 것이다. 그리고 그 이름이 우연히 맞았다고 말한다면 그것은 얼마나 뻔뻔한 짓이겠는가!」

모범 답안: It were endless to reckon up these prophecies one by one. And what effrontery were it to say that the name fell out by chance! ⚠️ It would be endless 도 뜻은 같지만 조건 미충족. 오늘 배운 것은 맨동사 가정법이다. ★ 그리고 두 번째 문장에서 were it 의 도치를 빠뜨리면(what effrontery it were to say) 어색하다 — 전치된 보어 뒤에서는 도치가 표준이다.


Formula 2 — 독립분사구문(nominative absolute) + 불연속 관계절

   ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
   │   NP  +  PARTICIPLE  ( , )   ⟵ 주절과 문법적 연결 없음     │
   │        · 자기 주어를 갖는다                                │
   │        · 접속사가 없다                                     │
   │        · 정동사가 없다  ⚠️ 찾지 마라                        │
   │   의미: 시간 / 이유 / 부대상황 / ★ 삽입 논평                │
   └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
   TODAY'S TWO — 기능이 서로 다르다:
     S6   … before Cyrus was born , ** that being ** nearly the period
                 ⇒ ★ 삽입 논평 (= 그 간격이 대략 ~인 셈이다)
     S10  … is established , ** the very thing being fulfilled **
                 ⇒ ★ 이유 (= 바로 그것이 성취되고 있으므로)

   ★ 형태 목록
        NP + V-ing              the sun having set , we returned
        NP + p.p.               his work finished , he slept
        NP + being + 보어        that being the case , …
        with + NP + …           with the door open , …
   ★ 굳은 표현(이미 쓰고 있다)
        that being said · all things considered · weather permitting
        God willing · other things being equal · present company excepted

   ⚠️ 그리고 오늘의 진짜 난코스 — ** 불연속 관계절 **
        the very thing  BEING FULFILLED  to which they appeal
             └ 선행사 ┘   └ 분사 ┘        └ 관계절이 분사를 뛰어넘음 ┘
        RESTORE ⇒ the very thing ‹to which they appeal› being fulfilled
   ★ 읽기 규칙: 관계절은 **가장 가까운 명사**가 아니라
        **의미상 가능한 선행사**에 붙는다. 후보를 대입해 보고 결정하라.

변형 연습. 다음을 Formula 2 로 옮기시오(독립분사구문 두 개, 그중 하나에 불연속 관계절).

「그 도시는 함락되었고, 그 간격은 백 년이 조금 넘는 셈이었다. 예언자들이 자기 신빙성의 근거로 내세운 바로 그 표징이 성취되었으므로, 아무도 반박할 수 없었다.」

모범 답안: The city fell, that being little more than a hundred years' interval. The very sign being fulfilled to which the prophets appealed in proof of their credibility, none could gainsay it. ⚠️ 실패 유형 둘: (1) that was little more than… 로 정동사를 넣으면 독립분사구문이 아니다. (2) 관계절을 the very sign to which the prophets appealed being fulfilled정상 어순에 두면 문법적으로는 옳지만 오늘의 훈련 대상(불연속)이 사라진다. ★ 두 형태를 다 쓸 줄 알아야 읽을 때 되돌릴 수 있다.


Formula 3 — 분사형 접속사 Supposing … + 대격부정사 + whence …? 소거논법

   ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
   │   SUPPOSING  +  O  +  (NOT)  TO BE  +  C  ,               │
   │        WHENCE  shall it be said  that  S … V-ed  ,        │
   │        IF IT WAS NOT FROM  X  ?                           │
   │                                                           │
   │   ① Supposing = 분사가 굳은 접속사 (= 설령 ~라 해도)        │
   │      ⚠️ 현수분사 규칙 적용 안 됨 — 이미 접속사다             │
   │   ② O + (not) to be + C = 대격부정사                       │
   │      ⚠️ 부정어는 to **앞**: `it NOT to be` (to not be ✗)   │
   │   ③ whence = from where — ★ 짝은 뒤쪽의 `proceeded`        │
   │   ④ if it was not from X ? = 마지막 문을 닫는 조건절        │
   └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
   ★ 분사형 접속사 목록 (전부 현수분사 면제)
        supposing · seeing · granting · considering · provided
        given · allowing · notwithstanding · concerning · regarding
   ★ 고어 wh- 부사 4종
        whence 어디로부터 · whither 어디로 · hence 여기서·그러므로
        thence 거기서부터   (+ hitherto 지금까지)

   ⚠️ 소거논법의 논리 형태 — 이것이 §8 전체의 엔진이다
        ① 상대의 최선의 반론을 먼저 인정한다   (Supposing …)
        ② 대안적 출처를 대라고 요구한다         (whence …?)
        ③ 남은 하나를 **질문으로** 제시한다      (if it was not from God?)
     ★ 칼빈은 "하나님이 하셨다"라고 결론을 쓰지 않는다.
       독자가 쓰게 만든다. 그래서 이 절은 거의 전부 의문문이다.

변형 연습.

「설령 그 숫자가 충분한 증거는 아니라고 치더라도, 그가 백 년 전에 말한 그 이름은 어디에서 나왔다고 할 것인가, 하나님으로부터가 아니라면?」

모범 답안: Supposing* the number not to be sufficient evidence, whence shall it be said that the name he uttered a hundred years before proceeded, if it was not from God?* ⚠️ 실패 유형 셋: (1) Supposing the number is not… — 접속사로는 되지만 대격부정사 조건 미충족. (2) not to beto not be 로 — ★ 이 문체에서는 언제나 not to be. (3) where … from 으로 풀어 쓰기 — 뜻은 같으나 whence 를 쓰라**는 게 오늘 과제다.


Formula 4 — 비축약 부정의문문 3형 + 추론의 must have p.p. + 의지의 will

   ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
   │   ① DOES NOT + S + V …?          (S8)                     │
   │   ② MUST NOT + S + HAVE p.p. …?  (S9)                     │
   │   ③ DID NOT + S + V(원형) …?     (S14)                    │
   │        ★ 셋 다 = 강한 긍정. 읽는 즉시 평서문으로 바꿔라.     │
   │                                                           │
   │   어순 세 가지가 모두 옳다:                                 │
   │        Didn't he V …?   /  Did not he V …?  /  Did he not V …? │
   │   ⚠️ 오답 유형: `Did not he V-ed` (did 뒤 원형!)            │
   │                                                           │
   │   ★ must not ~ have p.p. ? 는 **금지가 아니다**            │
   │        추론의 must + 의문의 부정                            │
   │        = "~했음에 틀림없지 않은가"                          │
   │        ⚠️ 금지의 must not 은 완료형을 취하지 않는다 —        │
   │          이것이 판별 기준이다.                              │
   │                                                           │
   │   ★ 그리고 if절의 will (S15)                               │
   │        IF + S + WILL + V = ~할 마음이 있다면 (의지)         │
   │        ⚠️ 단순미래 ✗ (if절엔 미래 will 을 쓰지 않는다)       │
   │        판별: "are willing to" 로 바꿔 자연스러우면 의지.     │
   └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

변형 연습.

「이 꾸밈없는 기록이 분명히 보여 주지 않는가? 그의 혀가 성령의 인도를 받았음에 틀림없지 않은가? 그리고 경건한 이들이 제대로 묵상할 마음만 있다면, 그들은 충분히 배우게 될 것이다.」

모범 답안: Does not* this unadorned narrative plainly show it? Must not his tongue have been guided by the Spirit? And if the pious will duly meditate, they will be sufficiently instructed.* ⚠️ 실패 유형: (1) Doesn't·Mustn't 축약 — 뜻은 같으나 비축약 어순 훈련이 오늘 과제. (2) Must not his tongue be guided — ★ 완료형을 빼면 추론이 아니라 금지로 읽힌다. (3) if the pious meditate duly — 의지의 will 이 빠지면 조건이 성향이 아니라 사실이 된다**. 칼빈의 요점이 사라진다.


5 — Vocabulary (어원 후킹 테이블)

Word Meaning Memory hook
tedious (S2) 지루한, 진력나는 taedium (weariness) < taedet me "그것이 나를 지치게 한다" — ⚠️ 어원부터 비인칭이라 it were too tedious 라는 형태와 딱 맞는다. taedium vitae = 삶에 대한 권태
enumerate (S2) 낱낱이 열거하다 e-(out) + numerus(number) = 수를 밖으로 꺼내다. innumerable(셀 수 없는), supernumerary(정원 외의)
confide in (S3) ⚠️ 신뢰하다 (비밀을 털어놓다 ✗) com + fidere(믿다) < fides. ★ 추상명사를 목적어로 받으면 언제나 '신뢰': confide in the protection / in riches. 식구: fidelity, diffident(dis+fidere → 자신 없는), perfidy, fiancé
Chaldeans (S3) 갈대아인 = 신바빌로니아 Heb. כַּשְׂדִּים Kaśdîm. ⚠️ 다니엘서에서는 점성술사를 뜻하기도 한다(단2:2) — 바빌론이 별점의 본산이라. 두 뜻을 분리해 둘 것
fabulous (S4) ⚠️ 황당한, 꾸며낸 이야기 같은 (멋진 ✗) fabula(우화) < fari(말하다). ★ 같은 뿌리: fate(fatum = 말해진 것), infant(in-fans = 말 못 하는), fame, preface, ineffable. '훌륭하다'는 20세기 속어 반전
whence (S4) 어디로부터 4종 세트로 외운다: whence(어디서부터) / whither(어디로) / hence(여기서·그러므로) / thence(거기서부터). ⚠️ AV의 from whence 는 중복이지만 흔하다
proceed (S4) (~에서) 비롯되다 pro(앞) + cedere(가다). ★ 신조(creed)의 전문용어 — 성령이 성부로부터 procedit. 칼빈이 예언의 기원에 쓰는 동사가 곧 성령의 기원에 쓰이는 동사
subdue (S5) 정복하다, 굴복시키다 형태는 프랑스어(souduire), 뜻은 라틴어(subdere, 밑에 두다) — ⚠️ 혼혈 단어. sub- 계열: submit, subject, subordinate
elapse (S6) (시간이) 경과하다 e-(away) + labi(미끄러지다) = 미끄러져 사라지다. ★ 주어는 언제나 시간. 식구: lapse, collapse(com+labi, 함께 무너지다), relapse
monarchy (S7) 군주국, 왕조 monos(홀로) + archein(다스리다). ★ archein 가족: anarchy, hierarchy, patriarch, architect(archi+tektōn = 우두머리 목수)
conjecture (S8) 억측, 추측 com(together) + iacere(던지다) = 이것저것 던져 모은 것. ⚠️ 어원 자체가 모욕이다 — 칼빈이 oracle 과 대비시키는 이유. 식구: project, reject, eject, object, jettison
oracle (S8) 신탁 orare(말하다·빌다) < os, oris(입) = 입에서 나온 응답. 식구: oral, orator, adore(ad+orare), inexorable(in+ex+orare = 빌어서 뺄 수 없는)
demonstrate (S8) 명백히 증명하다 de- + monstrare(보이다) < ⚠️ monstrum(전조·징조) < monere(경고하다). ★ demonstrate 와 monster 는 한 뿌리 — 괴물은 원래 '징조'였다. 식구: monitor, admonish, premonition
effrontery (S10) 뻔뻔함, 철면피 ex + frons, frontis(이마) = 이마를 내밀고 버티는 것. ★ affront = 이마를 치다 → 모욕하다. ⚠️ 성경의 부끄러움 관용구도 얼굴·이마다(렘3:3 "창녀의 이마", 겔3:8-9)
credibility (S10) 신빙성 credere < PIE ḱred-dʰeh₁- = ⚠️ "심장을 두다". 식구: creed, credit, credulous, ★ miscreant(mis+credere = 잘못 믿는 자 → 원래 이단자, 나중에 악당) — 내일 §9 첫 문장에 나온다
harmonise (S12) 일치하다 harmos(이음매) — ★ 어원은 음악이 아니라 목공. 딱 맞물리는 것. Gk. arthron(관절) → arthritis 와 같은 PIE ar-(맞추다)
dictate (S12) 받아쓰게 하다 dictare < dicere(말하다)의 반복형. 식구: edict, verdict(vere+dictum = 참된 말), contradict, predict, ⚠️ ditto(같은 말 또 함)
embrace (S14) ⚠️ 포괄하다, 아우르다 (껴안다 ✗) in + brachium() = 팔 안에 넣다 → 범위에 넣다. ★ 현대 잔존형: an all-embracing theory, the term embraces both cases
deliver (S14) (예언을) 내놓다·발하다 de- + liberare(풀어 주다) = 풀어놓다. ⚠️ deliver a speechdeliver us from evil같은 동사. ★ 예언은 '말해지는' 게 아니라 '풀려나는' 것
generally known (S14) ⚠️ 널리 알려진 (보통 알려진 ✗) genus, generis(종족·부류) → 부류 전체에게 알려진 = 상식인. 식구: genre, gender, generate, ingenuous, genius
duly (S15) 마땅히, 제대로 due < debere(빚지다) = 마땅히 치러야 할 만큼. ⚠️ 군더더기가 아니다 — 부주의한 독자는 설득되지 않는다는 것을 칼빈이 조용히 인정하는 자리
cavil (S15) 트집, 억지 시비 cavilla(조롱·말꼬리). ⚠️ 논증이 아니라 트집 — 그래서 칼빈의 동사가 refute 가 아니라 silence 다. 트집은 논박하는 게 아니라 입을 다물게 하는 것
gainsay (S16) 반박하다, 부인하다 gain-(OE gegn- = against, 독일어 gegen) + say = 맞서 말하다. ★ 라틴어 contradicere순수 게르만어 직역. ⚠️ 현대에는 관용구 하나로만 생존: there is no gainsaying it
pious / the pious (S15) 경건한 (이들) pius — ⚠️ 로마의 pietas 는 신·가족·국가에 대한 의무 전반이라 영어 "piety"보다 훨씬 넓다. ★ pity 는 piety 의 쌍둥이 낱말(doublet)

6 — Background in 5 Minutes

① 이 절이 챕터 안에서 하는 일 — 그리고 하지 않는 일. §8은 Ch. 8 전체 논증의 세 번째 블록이다. 배열은 이렇다: §§1–2 총론과 문체, §§3–7 모세, §8 나머지 선지자들, §§9–10 반론(저자·전승), §§11 신약, §§12–13 교회사·순교자·결론. ⚠️ 그러니 §8은 구약 논증의 절정이자 마지막 절이고, 바로 다음 문장부터 칼빈은 수비로 돌아선다. ★ 논증이 가장 강한 지점 바로 뒤에 반론이 오는 이 배치는 우연이 아니다 — 칼빈은 자기 최강 패가 어디서 공격받을지 알고 있다.

② 예언 논증(argumentum ex prophetia)의 족보. 이 논증은 칼빈의 발명이 아니다. ★ 유스티누스(Dial.), 오리게네스(Contra Celsum), 에우세비오스(Praep./Dem. Evang.), 아우구스티누스(De civ. Dei XVIII)로 이어지는 고대 변증의 주력이었고, 특히 다니엘의 70이레는 에우세비오스 이래 표준 전시물이었다. ⚠️ 칼빈이 새로 한 일은 논증의 발명이 아니라 논증의 등급 조정이다. §1에서 그는 이미 못을 박아 두었다: "In vain were the authority of Scripture fortified by argument…"논증은 성령의 내적 증거를 대체하지 않는다. ★ 오늘 S15가 그 위계를 문장 하나로 재확인한다: 대상은 the pious, 목적은 to silence the cavils. 설득이 아니라 방어.

③ 이사야와 고레스 — 칼빈의 최강 패이자 최대 노출부. 사44:28과 45:1은 고레스를 이름으로 부르고, 45:1은 그를 מְשִׁיחוֹ məšîḥô("그의 기름부음 받은 자")라 부른다 — ⚠️ 성경에서 이방인 군주에게 붙은 유일한 '메시아' 칭호다. ★ 칼빈에게 이것은 §8의 논증 그 자체다: 고유명사는 늘일 수도 비틀 수도 없다. ⚠️ 그런데 바로 그 점 때문에 이 예언은 재연대(re-dating) 공격에 가장 취약하다. 18세기 후반 되덜라인(Doederlein)·아이히호른 이후 사40–66을 포로기 말(주전 6세기)로 보는 견해가 자리 잡았고, 그 견해에서 고레스 언급은 예고가 아니라 동시대 언급이 된다. ★ 한계선을 정확히 그어라: 칼빈의 논증은 16세기의 반론(예언은 우연·위조) 에는 유효하지만, 본문 연대 자체를 옮기는 근대 비평의 반론과는 층위가 다르다. ⚠️ "칼빈이 논파했다"고도, "칼빈이 반박됐다"고도 말하지 마라. 그는 자기 시대의 반론을 다뤘고, 근대의 반론이 겨누는 곳(저작권과 전승)을 그도 §§9–10에서 다루려 한다 — 다만 도구가 다르다.

④ 다니엘 — 같은 관찰, 반대 결론. S14의 as if he had been writing of past events generally known비평학이 다니엘서의 마카베오 시대(주전 165년경) 저작을 주장할 때 드는 바로 그 관찰이다(포르피리오스가 3세기에 이미 제기했고, 히에로니무스가 반박했다). ★ 양쪽이 동의하는 것: 정밀함은 실재한다. 다투는 것: 연대뿐이다. ⚠️ 그러니 §8을 읽고 "다니엘 논쟁은 끝났다"고 말하는 것은 과대해석이고, "칼빈은 순진했다"고 말하는 것도 부정확하다 — 포르피리오스의 반론은 칼빈 시대에도 알려져 있었고, 칼빈은 다니엘 주석(1561)에서 이를 다룬다. 오늘 본문에서 그가 그것을 다루지 않는 것은 여기가 개요이기 때문이다.

⑤ 판본사 한 줄. Ch. 8의 이 증거 목록은 1539년판에서 크게 확장되었고 1559년 최종판에서 지금 자리(1권 8장)로 정착했다. ⚠️ 1536년 초판에는 이만한 변증적 축적이 없다. ★ 그 사이에 무슨 일이 있었는가 — 칼빈이 스트라스부르에서 교사·논쟁가로 3년을 보냈고, 상대해야 할 회의론자와 재세례파와 인문주의 비판자들의 실제 목록이 늘었다. 이 절의 목록성(prophet 넷을 훑는 방식)은 강의실에서 나온 문서다.

⑥ 후대 수용 — 그리고 과대해석 방지선. 20세기에 이 장은 두 방향으로 읽혔다. ⚠️ 한쪽은 §8을 증거주의(evidentialism)의 근거로 삼아 "칼빈도 이성적 논증으로 성경을 입증했다"고 말했고, 다른 한쪽(바르트, 그리고 다른 이유로 플랜팅가의 개혁파 인식론)은 Ch. 7의 내적 증거가 기초이고 Ch. 8은 파생이라고 읽었다. ★ 본문 자체가 후자를 지지한다 — §1, S15, §13이 모두 같은 방향을 가리킨다. ⚠️ 하지만 반대 방향의 과대해석도 경계하라: "칼빈은 증거를 무시했다"는 말도 틀렸다. 그는 열세 절을 증거에 쓴다. ★ 정확한 정식은 이것이다: 증거는 신앙의 기초가 아니라 신앙의 무장이다. 기초는 성령, 무장은 논증. 둘 다 필요하고, 순서가 바뀌면 칼빈이 아니다.


7 — Scripture Connections

1. Isaiah 39:5–7 — S3의 실제 출처. ⚠️ 본문의 (Isaiah 55:1) 은 오식이다.

"Hear the word of the LORD of hosts: Behold, the days come, that all that is in thine house, and that which thy fathers have laid up in store until this day, shall be carried to Babylon: nothing shall be left, saith the LORD. And of thy sons that shall issue from thee, which thou shalt beget, shall they take away; and they shall be eunuchs in the palace of the king of Babylon."

어떻게 쓰는가: S3의 세 요소가 이 장에 모두 있다 — (a) in his own day(히스기야 재위), (b) some ground to confide in the protection of the Chaldeans(사39:1–2, 므로닥발라단의 사절단과 히스기야가 보물을 보여 준 일 = 바빌론과의 친선 국면), (c) the destruction of the city and the captivity of the people(39:6–7). ⚠️ 사55:1은 Ho, every one that thirsteth로, 본문과 아무 관계가 없다.Period 1은 원문 그대로 두고, 여기서 사실을 말한다. 인용문은 고치지 않는다 — 주석을 단다.

2. Isaiah 44:28; 45:1 — S5의 He names Cyrus.

"That saith of Cyrus, He is my shepherd, and shall perform all my pleasure: even saying to Jerusalem, Thou shalt be built; and to the temple, Thy foundation shall be laid." (44:28) "Thus saith the LORD to his anointed, to Cyrus, whose right hand I have holden, to subdue nations before him." (45:1)

Heb. כּוֹרֶשׁ Kōreš / רֹעִי rōʿî "내 목자" / מְשִׁיחוֹ məšîḥô "그의 기름부음 받은 자". ★ 어떻게 쓰는가: 칼빈은 이 두 절을 인용하지 않고 사실만 취한다 — "이름을 댄다"는 것. ⚠️ 어제 창49:10에서 Shiloh 난제를 건드리지 않았던 것과 정확히 같은 절제다. 논증에 필요한 최소한만 취하라 — 사흘째 반복되는 원칙. ⚠️ 그리고 그가 건드리지 않은 것도 보라: 이방 왕에게 붙은 anointed(=메시아)라는 폭탄 같은 호칭. 그것을 열면 논점이 흩어진다.

3. Isaiah 42:9 — S11에 축자 인용. §8의 방법론적 근거.

"Behold, the former things are come to pass, and new things do I declare: before they spring forth I tell you of them."

Heb. הָרִאשֹׁנוֹת hāriʾšōnôt(이전 것들) / חֲדָשׁוֹת ḥăḏāšôt(새 것들) / בְּטֶרֶם תִּצְמַחְנָה bəṭerem tiṣmaḥnâ "그것들이 싹트기 전에" < צָמַח ṣāmaḥ(싹나다). ★ 어떻게 쓰는가: 이것이 S10의 the very thing … to which they appeal 이다. 검증 기준을 칼빈이 밖에서 들이댄 것이 아니라 선지자들이 스스로 내걸었다는 것. ⚠️ 그리고 어근 צֶמַח ṣemaḥ("싹")는 렘23:5·슥3:8·6:12에서 메시아 칭호("싹", the Branch) 다 — 칼빈은 이 연결을 누르지 않는다. 알아두되 본문에 얹지 마라.

4. Isaiah 41:22–23 — 인용되지 않았으나 S10의 논리 자체.

"Let them bring them forth, and shew us what shall happen… shew the things that are to come hereafter, that we may know that ye are gods."

어떻게 쓰는가: 여기서 예언 능력이 신성의 판별 기준으로 명문화된다. ⚠️ §8의 전 논증이 이 재판정 장면의 각주다 — 이사야가 우상들에게 요구한 시험을, 칼빈은 이사야 자신에게 적용해 통과시킨다. ★ 사46:9–10(declaring the end from the beginning)도 같은 계열. 이것이 §8을 단순한 '기적 목록'과 갈라놓는 지점이다.

5. Jeremiah 25:11–12; 29:10 — S9의 70년.

"And this whole land shall be a desolation… and these nations shall serve the king of Babylon seventy years." (25:11) "For thus saith the LORD, That after seventy years be accomplished at Babylon I will visit you, and perform my good word toward you, in causing you to return to this place." (29:10)

Heb. שִׁבְעִים שָׁנָה šiḇʿîm šānâ. ★ 어떻게 쓰는가: S9의 두 동사(assignedand fixed)가 이 두 절에 정확히 대응한다 — 25장은 기간을 정하고, 29장은 귀환을 못 박는다. ⚠️ 그리고 a considerable time before the people were led away 는 렘25:1(여호야김 4년 = 주전 605년, 첫 사로잡힘 이전)에서 온다. 칼빈의 시간 표시는 대충 쓴 말이 아니다.

6. 2 Samuel 23:2 — S9의 his tongue 뒤에 있는 어법.

"The Spirit of the LORD spake by me, and his word was in my tongue."

어떻게 쓰는가: 영감을 인격이 아니라 발화 기관에 위치시키는 성경 자체의 표현. ⚠️ 칼빈이 Jeremiah must have been guided 가 아니라 his tongue 을 쓴 이유. 선지자는 도구(organum)다 — 개혁파 영감론의 표준 강조. (cf. 벧후1:21 ὑπὸ πνεύματος ἁγίου φερόμενοι "성령에 이끌려".)

7. Ezra 1:1–2 // 2 Chronicles 36:21–23 — S5·S9의 the event.

"Now in the first year of Cyrus king of Persia, that the word of the LORD by the mouth of Jeremiah might be fulfilled…" (스1:1) "To fulfil the word of the LORD by the mouth of Jeremiah, until the land had enjoyed her sabbaths…" (대하36:21)

어떻게 쓰는가: 성취 보고서. 어제 배운 the event(e+venire, 결과)가 문서 형태로 존재하는 자리다. ⚠️ 그리고 여기가 논증의 이음매이기도 하다: 시험을 내건 전승과 성취를 보고하는 전승이 같은 정경 안에 있다. ★ 칼빈도 이 압력을 안다 — 그래서 §§9–10이 저자·전승 문제로 간다. 강점과 취약점이 같은 자리에 있다는 것을 정직하게 표시해 두라.

8. Daniel 9:24–27 — S14의 (Dan. 9, &c).

"Seventy weeks are determined upon thy people and upon thy holy city… unto the Messiah the Prince shall be seven weeks, and threescore and two weeks…"

Heb. שָׁבֻעִים שִׁבְעִים šāḇuʿîm šiḇʿîm (70 이레) = 70 × 7 = 490년. ★ 어떻게 쓰는가: 칼빈은 70이레의 계산법을 여기서 열지 않는다(그의 다니엘 주석에서 다룬다). ⚠️ 그리고 산수를 혼동하지 마라: 본문의 almost six hundred years490이 아니라 다니엘의 시대(주전 605/539)에서 성취(주후 1세기)까지의 총 간격이다. ★ 두 숫자는 서로 다른 것을 재고 있다. 칼빈을 490으로 '교정'하지 말 것.

9. Deuteronomy 18:21–22 — S10의 the very thing … to which they appeal 의 법적 근거.

"And if thou say in thine heart, How shall we know the word which the LORD hath not spoken? When a prophet speaketh in the name of the LORD, if the thing follow not, nor come to pass, that is the thing which the LORD hath not spoken."

어떻게 쓰는가: ⚠️ 이것이 결정적이다. 성취라는 검증 기준은 사42:9의 수사가 아니라 모세 율법이 정한 법적 시험이다. 선지자 직분 자체가 반증 조건과 함께 제도화되어 있었다.그래서 S10의 the very thing 이 '바로 그것'인 것이다 — 칼빈이 고른 시험이 아니라, 신명기가 정하고 이사야가 자임한 시험. 이 각주 하나로 S10의 자기지시 구조가 완성된다.


8 — Exam Problems (출제자의 눈)

① 어법 — 밑줄 넷 중 어색한 것 하나

I will only select a few examples, for ⓐ it were too tedious to enumerate the whole. … more than a hundred years elapsed before Cyrus was born, ⓑ that being nearly the period which elapsed between the death of the one and the birth of the other. … What effrontery ⓒ was it to deny that, by these evidences, the authority of the prophets is established, the very thing ⓓ being fulfilled to which they appeal in support of their credibility!

✨ 답안 보기 (클릭)정답: ⓒwere it

출제 의도 해설. 오늘 Formula 1·2 를 한 단락에 겹쳐 놓았다. - it were ✓ — 맨동사 가정법(= it would be). ⚠️ 가장 '틀려 보이는' 선지라 절반이 여기를 찍는다. ★ 판별: 뒤의 부정사 to enumerate조건을 품고 있다(= if I were to enumerate). 조건이 부정사에 숨어 있으면 앞의 were 는 가정법이다. - that being ✓ — 독립분사구문. 정동사가 없는 것이 정상이다. ⚠️ "주어 that 에 동사가 없다"고 오답 처리하기 쉽다. ★ that being said·all things considered 와 같은 기계. - was it ✗ — ⚠️ 오늘의 정답. 원문은 What effrontery **were it** to deny…! ★ (a) 사실이 아닌 가정을 말하고 있으므로 직설법 과거 was 가 아니라 가정법 were, (b) to deny 안에 조건이 들어 있고(= if anyone were to deny), (c) 전치된 보어 What effrontery 뒤에서 도치가 일어나 were it 이 된다. was it 은 시제·서법·논리가 한꺼번에 어긋난다. - being fulfilled ✓ — 독립분사구문 #2, 이유. ⚠️ 뒤의 to which they appeal 이 분사를 뛰어넘어 the very thing 에 걸리는 불연속 관계절이라 어색해 보이지만, ★ 관계절은 가장 가까운 명사가 아니라 의미상 가능한 선행사에 붙는다.

② 내용일치 — 다음 중 §8 의 논지와 일치하는 것은?

ⓐ Calvin argues that the prophecies of Isaiah, Jeremiah and Daniel are superior to those of Moses because they span longer intervals between utterance and fulfilment. ⓑ Calvin concedes that foretelling the captivity might not by itself prove inspiration, and rests the weight of the Isaiah argument on the naming of Cyrus more than a century before his birth. ⓒ Calvin holds that these evidences establish the authority of Scripture, so that the ungodly, upon considering them, are brought to faith. ⓓ Calvin declines to discuss Jeremiah and Ezekiel because their prophecies, delivered far apart, do not agree closely enough to be used as evidence.

✨ 답안 보기 (클릭)정답: ⓑ

출제 의도 해설. - ⓐ 방향은 맞고 근거가 뒤집힌 함정 — 오늘의 대표 오답. S1은 even **clearer** 라고 했지 longer 라고 하지 않았다. ⚠️ §7의 통화는 400년·2,000년이라는 '간격'이었고, §8의 통화는 이름·숫자·연대라는 '명료성'이다. ★ 오늘 칼빈은 오히려 더 짧은 간격(100년, 70년)을 들고 나온다. §7의 논리를 §8에 그대로 얹으면 걸린다. - ⓑ 정답. S4의 양보(Supposing it not to be sufficient evidence … to foretell)와 S5–S6(He names Cyrus / more than a hundred years elapsed before Cyrus was born)을 정확히 옮겼다. ★ 양보한 것(재앙 예고)과 남겨 둔 것(귀환과 이름)을 구분한 것이 이 선지의 핵심. - ⓒ 범위 초과 두 겹. (1) S10은 the authority of **the prophets** is established 라고 했지 성경의 권위를 정초한다고 하지 않았다 — §1과 §13이 명시적으로 반대한다. (2) S15의 수혜자는 the pious 이고 목적은 to **silence** the cavils of the ungodly 다 — ⚠️ 불신자를 회심시키는 것이 아니라 트집을 잠재우는 것.증거는 신앙의 기초가 아니라 신자의 무장이다. 이 구분을 놓치면 칼빈이 증거주의자가 된다. - ⓓ 정반대 + praeteritio 오독. S12는 I say nothing of 라고 말하면서 말한다. 그리고 그가 말하는 내용은 두 선지자가 harmonise **as completely** … **as if** they had mutually dictated the words to one another극도로 일치한다는 것이다. ⚠️ say nothing of 를 '증거로 못 쓴다'로 읽으면 세 번의 praeteritio를 전부 놓친다.

③ 영작 — 오늘의 공식을 적용해 옮기시오

문제: 「설령 그 재앙의 예고가 충분한 증거는 아니라고 치더라도, 그가 백 년 전에 부른 그 이름은 어디에서 나왔다고 할 것인가, 하나님으로부터가 아니라면? 그 예언자는 그 사람이 태어나기 오래전에 죽었으니, 그 간격이 거의 한 세대의 곱절인 셈이다. 이것을 부인한다면 그것은 얼마나 뻔뻔한 짓이겠는가 — 선지자들이 자기 신빙성의 근거로 내세운 바로 그 표징이 성취되고 있는데!」

(조건: Formula 3 의 Supposing … not to be …, whence … if it was not from …?, Formula 2 의 독립분사구문 1개와 불연속 관계절 1개, Formula 1 의 What N were it to V …! 를 각각 사용할 것.)

모범 답안:

Supposing* the threatened calamity not to be sufficient evidence of divine inspiration, whence shall it be said that the name he uttered a hundred years before proceeded, if it was not from God? The prophet died long before the man was born, that being nearly twice the space of a generation. What effrontery were it to deny this — the very sign being fulfilled to which the prophets appeal* in support of their credibility!

출제 의도 해설. 세 공식이 한 단락 안에서 서로 간섭하지 않는지를 본다. 자주 나오는 실패 다섯: 1. Supposing that the threatened calamity is not sufficient evidence… — 접속사 용법은 맞지만 ⚠️ 대격부정사 조건 미충족. 오늘 배운 것은 Supposing + O + not to be + C 다. 2. to not be — ✗. ★ 이 문체에서 부정어는 언제나 to이다. not to be. 3. where … from 으로 풀어 쓰기 — 뜻은 통하지만 ⚠️ whence 를 쓰라는 조건을 어겼고, 무엇보다 whence 의 짝이 22단어 뒤의 proceeded 라는 오늘의 핵심 훈련이 사라진다. 4. that was nearly twice the space of a generation — 정동사를 넣는 순간 독립분사구문이 아니다. ★ that being. 5. What effrontery it were to deny — ⚠️ 도치 누락. 전치된 보어 뒤에서는 were it. 그리고 What effrontery would it be 로 바꾸면 뜻은 같으나 맨동사 가정법 조건 미충족이다. ★ 마지막으로, 불연속 관계절을 정상 어순(the very sign to which the prophets appeal … being fulfilled)으로 되돌려 쓰면 문법은 옳지만 오늘의 과제가 아니다. 두 형태를 다 쓸 줄 알아야 읽을 때 되돌릴 수 있다.


9 — One-Line Wrap-up + Homework

One-line summary. ⚠️ §8은 §7의 논증을 반복하지 않는다 — 증거의 종류를 바꾼다: In the case of the other prophets the evidence is **even clearer** — 더 길어서가 아니라 더 명료해서, 곧 이름과 숫자와 연대가 붙어 반증 가능해서다. 칼빈은 세 번의 praeteritio(I will only select a few examples, I say nothing of, What shall I say of Daniel?)로 증거의 과잉을 연출하면서, 이사야가 at peace 상태의 유다에서 멸망을 예고했고(S3), 재앙 예고만으로는 부족하다고 양보한 뒤에도(**Supposing** it not to be sufficient evidence…) **whence** shall it be said that the prophecies … proceeded, **if it was not from God**? 라고 다른 문을 전부 닫으며(S4), He **names Cyrus** 라는 네 단어에 논증의 무게를 싣고(S5), more than a hundred years elapsed before Cyrus was born, **that being** nearly the period… 로 예언자와 그 이름 사이에 어떤 접촉도 없었음을 재어 보이고(S6), **Does not** this simple, unadorned narrative plainly demonstrate…?(S8) → **must not** his tongue **have been guided**…?(S9) → **Did not he** deliver prophecies embracing … six hundred years…?(S14)로 부정의문문 세 발을 쏜 다음, **What effrontery were it** to deny …, **the very thing being fulfilled to which** they appeal in support of their credibility!(S10)에서 선지자들 자신이 내건 시험(사42:9, 신18:21–22)이 그대로 충족되었음을 못 박는다. ★ 그리고 마지막에 그는 범위를 스스로 좁힌다 — **If the pious will** duly meditate …, they will be sufficiently instructed **to silence the cavils of the ungodly**. 회심이 아니라 방어. 기초가 아니라 무장.

And the three grammar points, restated:

  1. it were / What N were it to V …!맨동사 가정법 were = would be. ⚠️ 과거시제가 아니라 현재의 비현실이고, ★ 조건은 부정사 안에 숨어 있다(too tedious **to enumerate** = if I were to enumerate; **to deny** = if anyone were to deny). 도치(were it)는 감탄이 아니라 가정법이 일으킨다. ★ 식구: were it not for, be it that(어제), far be it from me to, it were better to, would that.
  2. 독립분사구문 + 불연속 관계절. that being nearly the period…(S6, 삽입 논평) / the very thing being fulfilled to which they appeal…(S10, 이유). ⚠️ 정동사를 찾지 마라 — 없다. ★ 그리고 S10에서 관계절은 분사를 뛰어넘어 선행사에 걸린다: 관계절은 가장 가까운 명사가 아니라 의미상 가능한 선행사에 붙는다. 굳은 형태로 이미 쓰고 있다: that being said, all things considered, weather permitting, God willing.
  3. Supposing X not to be Y, whence … if it was not from God? — 어제의 Suppose … still분사형 접속사로 옷을 갈아입었고(식구: seeing·granting·considering·provided·given — ⚠️ 전부 현수분사 규칙 면제), 그 안에 대격부정사(it **not to be** sufficient, 부정어는 to 앞)가 들어 있으며, 주절은 wh-소거 질문(whence … proceeded — 22단어 분리)이다. ★ 칼빈은 결론을 쓰지 않는다. 다른 문을 다 닫고 독자가 쓰게 한다. 덤으로 비축약 부정의문문 3형(S8·S9·S14)과 if절의 의지 will(S15)을 챙길 것.

Homework (10 minutes).

① 구조 복원. S10을 네 줄로 풀어 쓰라: (a) 외치문 전치와 가정법 도치를 되돌린 평서문(It would be …), (b) 가주어–진주어를 되돌려 to deny … 를 문두 주어로 세운 형태, (c) 독립분사구문 the very thing being fulfilled …since-절로 바꾸고 불연속 관계절을 정상 위치로 되돌린 형태, (d) the very thing 이 가리키는 것이 무엇인지 한 줄로 답하고 — ★ 그 근거가 되는 성경 구절 두 개(하나는 본문 안, 하나는 오늘 7교시에서)를 대라.

② 영작. S6을 두 문장으로 쪼개 쓴 뒤(독립분사구문을 정동사 문장으로 풀어서), 다시 한 문장의 독립분사구문으로 되돌려라. 그런 다음 한 줄로 답하라: 왜 칼빈은 두 문장으로 쓰지 않고 분사구문을 택했는가? ⚠️ 힌트 — 주절이 재는 것과 분사구가 재는 것이 서로 다른 간격이다.

③ 내일 예습 한 줄. §9는 이렇게 열린다: I am aware of what is muttered in corners by certain miscreants, when they would display their acuteness in assailing divine truth. — ★ 어조가 바뀐다. 오늘까지가 증거 제시였다면 내일은 반론 처리다. ⚠️ 첫 문장부터 어휘가 사납다: muttered in corners(구석에서 웅얼거리는), miscreants(오늘 5교시 어휘표의 그 단어 — mis+credere, 잘못 믿는 자), assailing. 그리고 when they **would** displaywould 를 눈여겨보라 — 오늘 S15의 의지 will 과 같은 계열이다(= ~하려 들 때). 반론의 내용은 저자 문제다: how do we know that Moses and the prophets wrote the books which now bear their names? ⚠️ 준비해 둘 질문 하나: 오늘 §8의 논증은 텍스트의 연대에 전적으로 의존한다. 그렇다면 §9의 반론(저자·전승)은 §8을 보완하는 것인가, 아니면 §8이 이미 진 빚을 갚는 것인가? ★ 답의 실마리는 오늘 S6의 that being nearly the period… 에 있다 — 간격을 재려면 양 끝의 날짜가 먼저 확정되어야 한다.


Where we stopped: Book 1, Ch. 8, §8 끝. 다음은 Book 1, Ch. 8, §9 (Day 45) — "Objection against Moses and the Prophets. Answer to it."